From what I have noticed, age does seem to have an effect, but it seems to be more of a minor one; the more children they have seems to have an effect (could just be randomness too); time of day seems to have an effect -later in their day they are more likely to be tired. Health seems to have an effect - but I have seen extremely weak peeps have full energy after a good nights rest, they just move slower. Healthier peeps seem to have more energy over the course of the day (use of treadmill upgrade, feeding the fruit from the varied section of the store).
How many "upgrades" I have purcased seems to have an effect (the more 'recreational' upgrades seem to give them more areas to regain energy by rest/playtime - i.e. hammock, swimming pool, pinball).