Well, I found one part of the puzzle. I had eight villagers, (one infant) and over 25 minutes they ate in amounts of of 26, 24, 22, and 26. (Then the game crashed.)

26 and 22 can't be divided by eight evenly, but the median value 24 divides by eight to get 3; awaiting further testing, I'll make the assumption that Villagers eat every six minutes, at approximately three food per villager - more or less. Villagers also walked to the bin to eat, taking one food each time, twice during this period.

EDIT: Further data. The beehive regenerates every 2 hours, and regenerates 2 food per hour. I've only tested this over a period of two hours, and don't intend to keep testing it more.

This means though, that the beehive alone cannot sustain even a single villager indefinitely. I'll have to do more observing to figure out if the tree's output is identical; if it is, that means even the hive and four trees couldn't sustain one villager, who eats 3 food every 6 minutes - 30 food per hour. So I think the tree's output must be higher.

Another edit: The trees produce 111 fruit every 3 hours.

• The honey can't sustain a single villager; it's not even worth including in calculations, and is really useful only as an initial food source, waiting for the first tree to grow.
• Villagers, at the time this was written, are estimated to eat 30 food per hour - more or less.
• Each tree, if the estimate of food eaten by villager per hour is accurate, should support 3.7 villagers indefinitely. This means a full orchard can sustain 11.1 villagers indefinitely.

I'll verify the amount villagers eat per hour tomorrow, and come up with a calculation for determining how many hours your food will last.